One remarkable development from Arabic, Chinese and Hindu science and technology.

 Name: Miguel, Aml

Course & Set: BSCRIM 1st year - SET C

Arabic Civilization

In the early 11th century, Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (known in the West as Alhazen) (965–1039) conducted extensive research on the camera obscura phenomenon. He gave the first experimental and mathematical analysis of the phenomenon in his treatise "On the Shape of the Eclipse."

One of the inventions that led to photography was the camera obscura, which was named after the Latin word for "dark chamber." Artists used the camera obscura because they realized they could use it to trace the outlines of buildings, trees, shadows, and animals to help them create paintings.

A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens on one side that projects an image onto the wall opposite the hole. A similar structure, such as a box or a tent, in which a picture of the outside is projected within is referred to as a "camera obscura."

While the camera obscura's technical principles have been recognized since antiquity, the widespread use of the technical concept in creating images with a linear perspective in paintings, maps, theater setups, and architectural, and later, photographic images and movies, began during the Western Renaissance and the scientific revolution.

Chinese Civilization

Seismological detectors - Zhang Heng invented the earthquake detecting tool called Seismoscope. His seismoscope was a giant bronze vessel resembling a kettle almost 6 feet in diameter.

An instrument for detecting and recording earthquakes. In general, it is made up of a mass attached to a fixed base. The base moves during an earthquake, but the mass does not.

Heng's seismoscope's sensitivity and ability to determine the direction of the earthquake that makes it unique. Zhang Heng's instrument resembled a large bronze wine jar with a diameter of about six feet. 

According to the Book of Later Han (compiled by Fan Ye in the 5th century), his bronze urn-shaped device, with a swinging pendulum inside, could detect the direction of an earthquake hundreds of miles/kilometers away.

Hindu Civilization

Aryabhata presented an astronomical and mathematical system in 500 AD that assumed the earth spins on its axis and that the motions of the planets with respect to the sun (Heliocentric) are elliptical.

He also made an accurate approximation of the Earth's circumference and diameter, and for the first time discovered how the lunar eclipse and solar eclipse occur. He also proposed the Heliocentric theory of gravitation, which predated Copernicus by nearly 1000 years.

The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Universe is known as heliocentrism. Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which held that the Earth was at the center of the universe.

The heliocentric theory is still relevant today because it led to improvements in astronomical tools, both physical and mathematical, as well as a shift in how scientists view our solar system's design.